Togo

Togo has no statute specifically regulating non-therapeutic male circumcision — it is a near-universal traditional/religious practice governed only by general medical regulation, largely performed outside the formal medical sector by paramedical staff or traditional healers. Female genital mutilation is a strictly separate, female-only matter: it is criminalised (Law No. 98-016 of 17 November 1998, reinforced by the 2015 Penal Code and 2007 Children's Code) and does not bear on male circumcision.

No Togolese law specifically regulating, restricting, or banning non-therapeutic male circumcision was identified (an absence-of-evidence finding; the authoritative Togo genital-cutting legal report addresses female genital mutilation exclusively, with zero references to male circumcision or boys). Male circumcision falls under general medical/surgical regulation, and is largely performed by unqualified paramedical staff or traditional healers outside that framework. Female genital mutilation is an entirely separate, FEMALE practice: it is criminalised by Law No. 98-016 of 17 November 1998 (Article 1 forbids all forms of FGM; Article 2 excludes operations performed for medical reasons; penalties 2 months–5 years and/or 100,000–1,000,000 CFA, rising to 5–10 years if the victim dies), reinforced by the 2015 Penal Code (Law No. 2015-010, Arts. 217-222) and the 2007 Children's Code — though rarely enforced. FGM is low in Togo (~3.1% nationally among women 15-49, MICS6 2017), regionally/generationally concentrated (Centrale 13.5% highest vs Maritime 0.2% lowest, declining over time). The two practices are kept strictly separate and never conflated. Status UNREGULATED reflects the absence of a male-circumcision-specific statute.