References

  1. Bettelheim B. Symbolic wounds: Puberty rites and the envious male. London: Thames and Hudson, 1955, p.13.
  2. Dunsmuir WD, Gordon EM. The history of circumcision. BJU Int. 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1-12.
  3. Glick L. Marked in your flesh: Circumcision from ancient Judea to modern America. New York: Oxford, 2005, p.14.
  4. Morgenstern J. Rites of birth, marriage, death and kindred occasions among the Semites. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966, pp. 283–4.
  5. American King James Version Bible, Galatians 52–6.
  6. Maimonides M. The guide of the perplexed. Translated by Shlomo Pines. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1963, p.609.
  7. Darby R. The masturbation taboo and the rise of routine male circumcision: A review of the historiography. J Soc Hist. 2003;36:737–57.
  8. Dawson BE. Circumcision in the female: Its necessity and how to perform it. Amer J Clin Med. 1915;22.6:520–3.
  9. Dunsmuir WD, Gordon EM. The history of circumcision. BJU Int. 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1-12.
  10. Wallerstein E. Circumcision: An American health fallacy. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1980, p. 217.
  11. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). State Inpatient Databases (SID). Available online at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/sidoverview.jsp
  12. Bollinger D. Infant male genital cutting incidence worldwide. 2017. Available online at: https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide
  13. To T, Agha M, Dick PT, Feldman W. Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection. Lancet. 1998;352(9143):1813-6.
  14. Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, Henry BV, Grundmeier RW, Keren R. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: Risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007;298(2):179-86.
  15. Lander J, Brady-Fryer B, Metcalfe JB, Nazarali S, Muttitt S. Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision. JAMA. 1997;278:2158-62.
  16. Goksan S, Hartley C, Emery F, Cockrill N, Poorun R, Moultrie F, Rogers R, Campbell J, Sanders M, Adams E, Clare S, Jenkinson M, Tracey I, Slater R. fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain. eLife 2015;4:e06356.
  17. Bollinger D. Lost boys: An estimate of US circumcision-related infant deaths. Thymos: J Boyhood Studies, 2010;4(1):78-90.
  18. Thorup J, Thorup SC, Ifaoui1IBR. Complication rate after circumcision in a paediatric surgical setting should not be neglected. Dan Med J. 2013;60(8):1–3.
  19. Sneppen I, Thorup J. Foreskin morbidity in uncircumcised males. Pediatrics. 2016:137(5).
  20. Richters J, Smith AMA, de Visser RO, et al. Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health. Int J STD AIDS. 2006;17:547-54.
  21. American Cancer Society. (2006). Penile cancer: What are the risk factors for penile cancer? American Cancer Society. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
  22. Frisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M. Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: A survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol, 2011;40(5):1367-81.
  23. Bollinger D, Van Howe, RS. Alexithymia and circumcision trauma: A preliminary investigation. Int J Men’s Health, 2011;10(2):184-95.
  24. Øster J. Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys. Arch Dis Child. 1968;43:200-3.
  25. Bollinger D. FGM horrid, but MGM beneficial? Not so fast! 2014. Available: https://www.academia.edu/9141152/FGM_horrid_but_MGM_beneficial_Not_so_fast_
  26. Richters J. Gerofi J, Donovan B. Are condoms the right size(s)? A method for self-measurement of the erect penis. Venereology. 1995:8(2);77-81.
  27. Cold CH, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int. 1993;83(Suppl. 1):34–44
  28. Topp S. Why not to circumcise your baby boy. Mothering. 1987;6:69-77.
  29. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision Policy Statement. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):585–586.
  30. Frisch M, Aigrain Y, Barauskas V, Bjarnason R, Boddy SA, et al. Cultural bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on male circumcision. Pediatrics. 2013;131(4):796–800.
  31. Freedman AL. The circumcision debate: Beyond benefits and risks. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5)
  32. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision Policy Statement. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):585–586.
  33. Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I. Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review. BMC Urology 2010;10(2):1-13.
  34. McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin. Can Fam Physician 2007;53:445-448.
  35. Bollinger D. Super-absorbent diapers and circumcision-wound hemorrhage detection. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/27185276/Super-absorbent_Diapers_and_Circumcision-wound_Hemorrhage_Detection
  36. McCormick Thomas R. Principles of Bioethics. Available at: https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princpl.html