References
Scientific sources & citations
This page contains the complete list of peer-reviewed studies, medical literature, and academic sources cited throughout our educational content. Click any reference number from other pages to jump directly to that citation.
Bettelheim B.Symbolic wounds: Puberty rites and the envious male.London: Thames and Hudson, 1955, p.13.
Dunsmuir WD, Gordon EM.The history of circumcision.BJU Int. 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1-12.
Glick L.Marked in your flesh: Circumcision from ancient Judea to modern America.New York: Oxford, 2005, p.14.
Morgenstern J.Rites of birth, marriage, death and kindred occasions among the Semites.Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966, pp. 283–4.
American King James Version Bible, Galatians 5:2–6.
Maimonides M.The guide of the perplexed.Translated by Shlomo Pines. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1963, p.609.
Darby R.The masturbation taboo and the rise of routine male circumcision: A review of the historiography.J Soc Hist. 2003;36:737–57.
Dawson BE.Circumcision in the female: Its necessity and how to perform it.Amer J Clin Med. 1915;22.6:520–3.
Dunsmuir WD, Gordon EM.The history of circumcision.BJU Int. 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1-12.
Wallerstein E.Circumcision: An American health fallacy.New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1980, p. 217.
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP).State Inpatient Databases (SID).
http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/sidoverview.jspBollinger D.Infant male genital cutting incidence worldwide.2017.
https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_WorldwideTo T, Agha M, Dick PT, Feldman W.Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection.Lancet. 1998;352(9143):1813-6.
Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, Henry BV, Grundmeier RW, Keren R.Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: Risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials.JAMA. 2007;298(2):179-86.
Lander J, Brady-Fryer B, Metcalfe JB, Nazarali S, Muttitt S.Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision.JAMA. 1997;278:2158-62.
Goksan S, Hartley C, Emery F, Cockrill N, Poorun R, Moultrie F, Rogers R, Campbell J, Sanders M, Adams E, Clare S, Jenkinson M, Tracey I, Slater R.fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain.eLife 2015;4:e06356.
Bollinger D.Lost boys: An estimate of US circumcision-related infant deaths.Thymos: J Boyhood Studies, 2010;4(1):78-90.
Thorup J, Thorup SC, Ifaoui IBR.Complication rate after circumcision in a paediatric surgical setting should not be neglected.Dan Med J. 2013;60(8):1–3.
Sneppen I, Thorup J.Foreskin morbidity in uncircumcised males.Pediatrics. 2016:137(5).
Richters J, Smith AMA, de Visser RO, et al.Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health.Int J STD AIDS. 2006;17:547-54.
American Cancer Society.Penile cancer: What are the risk factors for penile cancer?2006.
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.htmlFrisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M.Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: A survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark.Int J Epidemiol, 2011;40(5):1367-81.
Bollinger D, Van Howe RS.Alexithymia and circumcision trauma: A preliminary investigation.Int J Men's Health, 2011;10(2):184-95.
Øster J.Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys.Arch Dis Child. 1968;43:200-3.
Bollinger D.FGM horrid, but MGM beneficial? Not so fast!2014.
https://www.academia.edu/9141152/FGM_horrid_but_MGM_beneficial_Not_so_fast_Richters J, Gerofi J, Donovan B.Are condoms the right size(s)? A method for self-measurement of the erect penis.Venereology. 1995:8(2);77-81.
Cold CH, Taylor JR.The prepuce.BJU Int. 1993;83(Suppl. 1):34–44.
Topp S.Why not to circumcise your baby boy.Mothering. 1987;6:69-77.
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision.Circumcision Policy Statement.Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):585–586.
Frisch M, Aigrain Y, Barauskas V, Bjarnason R, Boddy SA, et al.Cultural bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on male circumcision.Pediatrics. 2013;131(4):796–800.
Freedman AL.The circumcision debate: Beyond benefits and risks.Pediatrics. 2016;137(5).
American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision.Circumcision Policy Statement.Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):585–586.
Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I.Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review.BMC Urology 2010;10(2):1-13.
McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP.Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin.Can Fam Physician 2007;53:445-448.
Bollinger D.Super-absorbent diapers and circumcision-wound hemorrhage detection.
https://www.academia.edu/27185276/Super-absorbent_Diapers_and_Circumcision-wound_Hemorrhage_DetectionMcCormick Thomas R.Principles of Bioethics.
https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princpl.html