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Is.",[1004,1010,1015,1020,1026,1032],{"title":1005,"subtitle":1006,"href":1007,"icon":1008,"color":1009},"The Human Foreskin","Anatomy & Function","\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-human-foreskin","i-lucide-book-open","blue",{"title":1011,"subtitle":1012,"href":1013,"icon":1014,"color":73},"Ethics of Consent","Autonomy & Rights","\u002Flearn\u002Fethics","i-lucide-scale",{"title":1016,"subtitle":1017,"href":1018,"icon":1019,"color":69},"The Debate","Every Argument, Weighed","\u002Flearn\u002Fdebate","i-lucide-activity",{"title":1021,"subtitle":1022,"href":1023,"icon":1024,"color":1025},"Study Library","Studies & Papers","\u002Fstudies","i-lucide-flask-conical","cyan",{"title":1027,"subtitle":1028,"href":1029,"icon":1030,"color":1031},"Personal Stories","Voices & Experiences","\u002Fcommunity\u002Fstories","i-lucide-book-heart","violet",{"title":1033,"subtitle":1034,"href":1035,"icon":1036,"color":1037},"Take Action","Support & Advocacy","\u002Faction","i-lucide-megaphone","rose",{"title":1039,"framing":1040,"context":1041,"body":1042,"bullets":1043,"disputedReviewNote":1048,"href":1023},"Pleasure, Sensation, and the Evidence Gap","Evidence contested. Experience real. Consent matters.","Research on circumcision and sexual pleasure is contested. Older reviews often concluded there was no overall population-level reduction in sexual function, but much of that literature predates the modern era of large online communities where circumcised men compare experiences, discuss reduced sensitivity, explore foreskin restoration, and challenge cultural normalisation. AntiCirc treats lived experience as an important evidence gap, not as noise.","Many circumcised men report a pattern of early exposed-glans stimulation followed by reduced sensitivity over time, increased need for friction, orgasm difficulty, or body grief. Older clinical studies may not fully capture these experiences, especially when men lacked language, community, or social permission to describe circumcision harm. The literature remains contested, but anatomy, consent, and lived experience all matter.",[1044,1045,1046,1047],"Older reviews should not be treated as the final word.","Online communities have made previously hidden experiences more visible.","Lack of complaint in older surveys is not the same as absence of harm.","Claims should separate anatomical loss, measured sensitivity, sexual function scores, and lived experience.","Some pro-circumcision reviews (for example Morris & Krieger, 2013) dispute the scale of any effect; AntiCirc treats these as one contested view, not the final word.",[],{"year":1051,"source":128,"sourceUrl":1052,"peopleLivingWithHiv":1053,"newInfections":1054,"onTreatment":1055,"aidsRelatedDeaths":1056,"newInfectionsByRegion":1057,"plhivByRegion":1078,"deathsByRegion":1094,"isFallback":1110},2024,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unaids.org\u002Fen\u002Fresources\u002Ffact-sheet",40800000,1300000,31600000,630000,[1058,1061,1063,1066,1068,1070,1073,1075],{"region":1059,"value":1060},"Eastern & Southern Africa",450000,{"region":34,"value":1062},300000,{"region":1064,"value":1065},"Western & Central Africa",160000,{"region":42,"value":1067},140000,{"region":46,"value":1069},120000,{"region":1071,"value":1072},"Western & Central Europe & North America",60000,{"region":27,"value":1074},25000,{"region":1076,"value":1077},"Caribbean",15000,[1079,1081,1083,1085,1087,1088,1090,1092],{"region":1059,"value":1080},20800000,{"region":34,"value":1082},6700000,{"region":1064,"value":1084},4800000,{"region":1071,"value":1086},2400000,{"region":46,"value":1086},{"region":42,"value":1089},2100000,{"region":1076,"value":1091},340000,{"region":27,"value":1093},220000,[1095,1097,1099,1100,1102,1104,1106,1108],{"region":1059,"value":1096},250000,{"region":34,"value":1098},130000,{"region":1064,"value":1069},{"region":42,"value":1101},48000,{"region":46,"value":1103},28000,{"region":1071,"value":1105},13000,{"region":27,"value":1107},8000,{"region":1076,"value":1109},5000,false,"Global and per-country HIV figures (prevalence, people living with HIV, new infections, treatment coverage) are the latest UNAIDS estimates, with high-income countries UNAIDS does not model sourced to national surveillance. Epidemic-growth trends draw on UNAIDS estimates; prevention, policy, stigma, and sex-education-gap scores are editorial composites. Comparisons are informational and not evidence of causation.","2026-07-08T02:06:20.025Z",{"items":1114,"categories":1486,"total":7,"updatedAt":1487},[1115,1123,1130,1137,1144,1151,1158,1164,1171,1177,1184,1192,1200,1208,1217,1225,1230,1238,1246,1252,1259,1266,1274,1279,1285,1293,1298,1305,1310,1319,1325,1332,1337,1344,1350,1355,1360,1367,1374,1382,1388,1395,1402,1410,1417,1423,1431,1436,1441,1449,1456,1461,1466,1472,1479],{"category":1116,"title":1117,"authors":1118,"journal":1119,"year":1120,"summary":1121,"doi":83,"url":1122,"number":83},"Adolescent circumcision & tuli","Male Circumcision Complications — A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression","Shabanzadeh DM, Clausen S, Maigaard K, Fode M","Urology, 2021;152:25–34 · DOI 10.1016\u002Fj.urology.2021.01.041",2021,"Meta-analysis of 351 studies (~4.04M participants): pooled complication risk requiring treatment ~3.84% (95% CI 3.35–4.37); risk varies by age, method, setting and definition.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0090429521001138",{"category":1116,"title":1124,"authors":1125,"journal":1126,"year":1127,"summary":1128,"doi":83,"url":1129,"number":83},"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study","Boyle GJ, Ramos S","Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 2019;42:19–22 · DOI 10.1016\u002Fj.amsu.2019.04.004 · PMID 31080593",2019,"Retrospective cohort (Batangas): 69% of ritual-cut (tuli) boys \"fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD\" and 51% of medically-cut boys \"exhibited similar PTSD-like symptoms\" (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.70–2.66). A striking signal — but a contested source.","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6506608\u002F",{"category":1116,"title":1131,"authors":1132,"journal":1133,"year":1134,"summary":1135,"doi":83,"url":1136,"number":83},"Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort","Bronselaer GA, Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, et al.","BJU International, 2013;111(5):820–827 · DOI 10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2012.11761.x · PMID 23374102",2013,"Large self-report cohort reporting the foreskin as the most sensitive region and reduced genital sensitivity after circumcision.","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F23374102\u002F",{"category":1116,"title":1138,"authors":1139,"journal":1140,"year":1141,"summary":1142,"doi":83,"url":1143,"number":83},"Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark","Frisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M","International Journal of Epidemiology, 2011;40(5):1367–1381 · DOI 10.1093\u002Fije\u002Fdyr104 · PMID 21672947",2011,"National survey (n=5552, Denmark ~5% circumcised): circumcision associated with frequent orgasm difficulties in men and several partner-reported sexual difficulties in women. Cross-sectional — association only.","https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fije\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F40\u002F5\u002F1367\u002F658163",{"category":1116,"title":1145,"authors":1146,"journal":1147,"year":1148,"summary":1149,"doi":83,"url":1150,"number":83},"Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis","Sorrells ML, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, et al.","BJU International, 2007;99(4):864–869 · PMID 17378847",2007,"Monofilament sensitivity mapping: reports the circumcised glans is less sensitive to fine touch, and that several sites removed by circumcision have the lowest thresholds.","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F17378847\u002F",{"category":1116,"title":1152,"authors":1153,"journal":1154,"year":1155,"summary":1156,"doi":83,"url":1157,"number":83},"Filipino experience of ritual male circumcision: knowledge and insights for anti-circumcision advocacy","Lee RB","Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2006;8(3):225–234 · DOI 10.1080\u002F13691050600761243 · PMID 16801224",2006,"Corroborating qualitative work tying tuli to masculinity and male identity, and to the role of the broader community in sustaining the practice.","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F16801224\u002F",{"category":1116,"title":1159,"authors":1153,"journal":1160,"year":1161,"summary":1162,"doi":83,"url":1163,"number":83},"Circumcision practice in the Philippines: community based study","Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2005;81(1):91 · DOI 10.1136\u002Fsti.2004.009993 · PMID 15681733 · PMCID PMC1763728",2005,"The primary community survey behind the Philippine figures: near-universal tuli, mostly at ages 10–14, chosen predominantly for social reasons (\"to avoid being uncircumcised\", \"part of the tradition\") over medical ones.","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F15681733\u002F",{"category":1116,"title":1165,"authors":1166,"journal":1167,"year":1168,"summary":1169,"doi":83,"url":1170,"number":83},"The prepuce (anatomy, physiology, innervation, immunology and sexual function)","Cold CJ, Taylor JR","BJU International, 1999;83 Suppl 1:34–44 · PMID 10349413",1999,"Foundational anatomical review describing the prepuce as specialised, innervated, vascular mucosal tissue with protective and mechanical roles — not \"extra skin.\"","https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F10349413\u002F",{"category":1006,"title":1172,"authors":1173,"journal":1174,"year":1175,"summary":1176,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Normal penis and foreskin development (intact hygiene guidance)","Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust","NHS patient information (URO14)",2023,"NHS guidance establishing that the childhood foreskin is naturally non-retractile and must never be forcibly retracted (which causes tearing, pain, scarring); it becomes retractile with age (≈99 in 100 boys by 16); smegma is a normal collection of shed skin cells, not pathological; and routine cleaning needs only water. Shows intact hygiene needs washing, not surgery — undercutting the \"it smells \u002F it's unhygienic\" rationale for circumcision.",{"category":1006,"title":1178,"authors":1179,"journal":1180,"year":1175,"summary":1181,"doi":83,"url":1182,"number":1183},"Smegma: what it is, causes and how to clean it","Cleveland Clinic","Cleveland Clinic health library","Clinical patient reference: smegma is a harmless, natural combination of oils, dead skin cells, sweat and other fluids that collects under the foreskin (and around the labia\u002Fclitoral hood). The oils help keep genital skin moist and lubricated — i.e. small amounts are normal, not a sign of disease or poor hygiene; it only needs routine washing.","https:\u002F\u002Fmy.clevelandclinic.org\u002Fhealth\u002Fdiseases\u002F24281-smegma",170,{"category":1006,"title":1185,"authors":1186,"journal":1187,"year":1127,"summary":1188,"doi":1189,"url":1190,"number":1191},"Smegma: a combination of shed skin cells, skin oils, and moisture (composition and the subpreputial space)","Chung JM, Park CS, Lee SD","Investigative and Clinical Urology","Peer-reviewed urology paper defining smegma as \"a combination of shed skin cells, skin oils, and moisture\" whose main function is moisturizing and lubricating the subpreputial space (the cavity between foreskin and glans). Adds a caution AntiCirc keeps: child smegma samples were colonized by uropathogens, so smegma should not be over-claimed as antibacterial.","10.4111\u002Ficu.2019.60.2.127","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4111\u002Ficu.2019.60.2.127",171,{"category":1006,"title":1193,"authors":1194,"journal":1195,"year":1196,"summary":1197,"doi":1198,"url":1199,"number":83},"Examining penile sensitivity in neonatally circumcised and intact men using quantitative sensory testing","Bossio JA, Pukall CF, Steele SS","Journal of Urology",2016,"Quantitative sensory testing that found no significant difference in glans sensitivity between circumcised and intact men — an often-cited counterpoint to Sorrells, included here for balance.","10.1016\u002Fj.juro.2015.12.080","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.juro.2015.12.080",{"category":1006,"title":1201,"authors":1202,"journal":1203,"year":1204,"summary":1205,"doi":1206,"url":1207,"number":83},"Histological correlates of penile sexual sensation: does circumcision make a difference?","Cox G, Krieger JN, Morris BJ","Sexual Medicine",2015,"Opposing-view review arguing histology shows no difference in glans keratinization between circumcised and intact men. Listed for balance and labelled contested: the authors did no original histology (they relay Szabo & Short's n=13 study) and lead author Morris is a documented pro-circumcision advocate. Its stronger claim that circumcision is \"likely beneficial\" for pleasure was refuted on adversarial review.","10.1002\u002Fsm2.67","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fsm2.67",{"category":1006,"title":1209,"authors":1210,"journal":1211,"year":1212,"summary":1213,"doi":1214,"url":1215,"number":1216},"Abundant expression of HIV target cells and C-type lectin receptors in the foreskin tissue of young Kenyan men (antimicrobial peptides in subpreputial swabs)","Hirbod T, Kong X, Kigozi G, et al.","PLOS Pathogens",2014,"Measured antimicrobial peptides in subpreputial swabs and reports α-defensins (HNP1–3), LL-37 and SLPI in the foreskin prepuce — so AMPs are genuinely present in genital tissue. Crucial nuance AntiCirc preserves: higher α-defensins\u002FSLPI correlated with HIV ACQUISITION risk in this study, which supports \"AMPs are reported in the tissue\" but NOT the stronger claim that smegma is meaningfully protective\u002Fantibacterial.","10.1371\u002Fjournal.ppat.1004416","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.ppat.1004416",173,{"category":1006,"title":1218,"authors":1219,"journal":1220,"year":1221,"summary":1222,"doi":1223,"url":1224,"number":83},"Keratinization of the adult male foreskin and implications for male circumcision","Dinh MH, McRaven MD, Kelley Z, et al.","AIDS",2010,"Histology finding no significant keratin-thickness difference between inner and outer foreskin (P=0.451). Often cited against the keratinization hypothesis — but note it measures the foreskin, not the circumcised glans over time, so it does not directly settle whether an exposed glans keratinizes. A contested-evidence entry.","10.1097\u002FQAD.0b013e3283367779","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FQAD.0b013e3283367779",{"category":1006,"title":1145,"authors":1146,"journal":1226,"year":1148,"summary":1227,"doi":1228,"url":1229,"number":83},"BJU International","Study finding that the five most sensitive areas of the penis are removed by circumcision, with the foreskin being more sensitive than the glans.","10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2006.06685.x","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2006.06685.x",{"category":1006,"title":1231,"authors":1232,"journal":1233,"year":1148,"summary":1234,"doi":1235,"url":1236,"number":1237},"Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells","de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, et al.","Nature Medicine","Found that Langerhans cells express langerin, a C-type lectin that captures and degrades HIV-1 — evidence that the inner foreskin's Langerhans cells can act as a natural barrier rather than simply an HIV entry point. AntiCirc cites this for the \"immunologically active tissue\" point while noting the foreskin's overall role in HIV transmission remains genuinely debated.","10.1038\u002Fnm1541","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fnm1541",174,{"category":1006,"title":1239,"authors":1240,"journal":1241,"year":1242,"summary":1243,"doi":1244,"url":1245,"number":83},"How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? (glans keratinization)","Szabo R, Short RV","BMJ",2000,"The single small cadaver study (n=13) reporting the glans is \"equally keratinised\" with or without circumcision — the root source for the view that circumcision does NOT additionally keratinize the glans. Included for balance: the popular claim that the exposed glans \"keratinizes and goes numb\" over time is disputed, and this is the main (if very small) study behind that dispute.","10.1136\u002Fbmj.320.7249.1592","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fbmj.320.7249.1592",{"category":1006,"title":1247,"authors":1166,"journal":1248,"year":1168,"summary":1249,"doi":1250,"url":1251,"number":83},"The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision","British Journal of Urology","Comprehensive anatomical study describing the foreskin's structure, including its immunological functions and erogenous tissue.","10.1046\u002Fj.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x",{"category":1006,"title":1253,"authors":1254,"journal":1248,"year":1255,"summary":1256,"doi":1257,"url":1258,"number":83},"The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision (ridged band)","Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ",1996,"Histological study identifying the densely innervated ridged band of the inner foreskin — the 'Taylor's ridged band' removed by circumcision.","10.1046\u002Fj.1464-410X.1996.85023.x","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1464-410X.1996.85023.x",{"category":1006,"title":1260,"authors":1261,"journal":1262,"year":1263,"summary":1264,"doi":83,"url":1265,"number":13},"Sub-preputial wetness — its nature","Parkash S, Jeyakumar S, Subramanyan K, Chaudhuri S","Annals of National Medical Sciences (India)",1973,"Classic anatomical study of sub-preputial wetness: the subpreputial space is usually wet, with the wetness derived from prostatic, seminal-vesicle and urethral secretions rather than retained urine — establishing that subpreputial moisture is a natural secretion, not a hygiene failure.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cirp.org\u002Flibrary\u002Fanatomy\u002Fprakash\u002F",{"category":1006,"title":1267,"authors":1268,"journal":1269,"year":1270,"summary":1271,"doi":1272,"url":1273,"number":83},"Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys","Øster J","Archives of Disease in Childhood",1968,"Landmark longitudinal study showing non-retractile foreskin and phimosis resolve naturally with age, undermining the rationale for circumcising children to \"treat\" a normal developmental stage.","10.1136\u002Fadc.43.228.200","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fadc.43.228.200",{"category":1275,"title":1276,"authors":1166,"journal":1226,"year":1168,"summary":1277,"doi":1250,"url":1251,"number":1278},"Anatomy \u002F histology","Cold CJ, Taylor JR. \"The prepuce.\" BJU International 1999;83 Suppl 1:34–44","Landmark descriptive anatomy\u002Fhistology review of the human prepuce: documents the mucocutaneous \"ridged band\" of the inner preputial lip, the dartos musculature, vascular and lymphatic supply, and the innervation (Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings), framing the prepuce as specialised, innervated tissue rather than redundant skin. A descriptive review, not a trial of function.",275,{"category":1275,"title":1280,"authors":1254,"journal":1248,"year":1255,"summary":1281,"doi":1282,"url":1283,"number":1284},"Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ. \"The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision.\" British Journal of Urology 1996;77(2):291–295","The earlier histological study (22 adult cadaver specimens) that first described and named the \"ridged band\" of the inner prepuce and its dense innervation. Corroborates the Cold & Taylor 1999 review on the existence of specialised preputial tissue.","10.1046\u002Fj.1464-410x.1996.85023.x","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1464-410x.1996.85023.x",276,{"category":1286,"title":1287,"authors":1288,"journal":1289,"year":1196,"summary":1290,"doi":1291,"url":1292,"number":83},"Complications","Foreskin morbidity in uncircumcised males","Sneppen I, Thorup J","Pediatrics","Population study finding the absolute risk of needing circumcision for a foreskin problem is very low (~1.7%), so routine prophylactic circumcision would over-treat the vast majority of boys.","10.1542\u002Fpeds.2015-4340","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1542\u002Fpeds.2015-4340",{"category":1286,"title":1294,"authors":1295,"journal":1296,"year":1134,"summary":1297,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Complication rate after circumcision in a paediatric surgical setting should not be neglected","Thorup J, Thorup SC, Ifaoui IBR","Danish Medical Journal","Danish surgical series documenting a non-trivial complication rate even under controlled hospital conditions, countering claims that medical circumcision is essentially risk-free.",{"category":1286,"title":1299,"authors":1300,"journal":1301,"year":1221,"summary":1302,"doi":1303,"url":1304,"number":83},"Complications of circumcision","Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I","BMC Urology","Systematic review finding complication rates of 2-10% for infant circumcision, including bleeding, infection, and surgical injury.","10.1186\u002F1471-2490-10-2","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2490-10-2",{"category":1286,"title":1306,"authors":1307,"journal":1308,"year":1221,"summary":1309,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Lost boys: an estimate of US circumcision-related infant deaths","Bollinger D","Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies","Statistical estimate that ~117 US neonatal deaths per year are attributable to circumcision-related causes — a figure absent from most official complication tallies.",{"category":1311,"title":1312,"authors":1313,"journal":1314,"year":1315,"summary":1316,"doi":1317,"url":1318,"number":83},"Ethics & Policy","Circumcision of male infants and children as a public health measure in developed countries: a critical assessment","Frisch M, Earp BD","Global Public Health",2018,"Assessment concluding the evidence does not justify routine infant circumcision as a public-health measure in low-risk developed countries.","10.1080\u002F17441692.2016.1184292","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F17441692.2016.1184292",{"category":1311,"title":1320,"authors":1321,"journal":1289,"year":1196,"summary":1322,"doi":1323,"url":1324,"number":83},"The circumcision debate: beyond benefits and risks","Freedman AL","Commentary from within the pediatric establishment acknowledging the circumcision decision is driven more by culture and family values than by medical evidence.","10.1542\u002Fpeds.2016-0594","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1542\u002Fpeds.2016-0594",{"category":1311,"title":1326,"authors":1327,"journal":1328,"year":1196,"summary":1329,"doi":1330,"url":1331,"number":83},"Circumcision is unethical and unlawful","Svoboda JS, Adler PW, Van Howe RS","Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics","Bioethics argument that non-therapeutic infant male circumcision violates the four cardinal principles of medical ethics (autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice) and infringes boys' rights. A contested normative position from an anti-circumcision standpoint, catalogued as the argument its authors make.","10.1177\u002F1073110516654120","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F1073110516654120",{"category":1311,"title":1333,"authors":1334,"journal":1335,"year":1204,"summary":1336,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Female genital mutilation and male circumcision: toward an autonomy-based ethical framework","Earp BD","Medicolegal and Bioethics","Bioethics argument (attributed, not stated as law): some legally-permitted forms of female genital cutting are less invasive than the male circumcision routinely allowed, so the sex-based legal line is ethically inconsistent. Proposes an autonomy\u002Fconsent-based framework treating non-consensual genital cutting of any child alike. Context for the legal asymmetry: in the US, even a symbolic \"nick\" of a girl is criminal under 18 U.S.C. §116 (no religious\u002Fcultural exemption), while non-therapeutic circumcision of boys remains legal — a normative argument, not a claim of legal consensus.",{"category":1311,"title":1338,"authors":1339,"journal":1340,"year":1134,"summary":1341,"doi":1342,"url":1343,"number":83},"Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision","Svoboda JS, Van Howe RS","Journal of Medical Ethics","Detailed ethical and methodological critique arguing the AAP's 2012 report overstated benefits, understated harms, and sidestepped the question of infant consent.","10.1136\u002Fmedethics-2013-101346","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fmedethics-2013-101346",{"category":1311,"title":1345,"authors":1346,"journal":1289,"year":1134,"summary":1347,"doi":1348,"url":1349,"number":83},"Cultural bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on male circumcision","Frisch M, Aigrain Y, Barauskas V, et al.","Response from 38 European physicians criticizing the AAP's circumcision policy as culturally biased and inconsistent with European medical positions.","10.1542\u002Fpeds.2012-2896","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1542\u002Fpeds.2012-2896",{"category":1311,"title":1351,"authors":1352,"journal":1353,"year":1221,"summary":1354,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors","Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG)","KNMG Position Statement","Official statement discouraging non-therapeutic circumcision of minors, citing violation of children's rights to autonomy and physical integrity.",{"category":1356,"title":1357,"authors":1358,"journal":1328,"year":1141,"summary":1359,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"HIV & Disease","A fatal flaw in the African studies on male circumcision and HIV transmission","Van Howe RS, Storms MR","Critical analysis of the African HIV trials identifying methodological flaws including lead-time bias and inadequate controls.",{"category":1356,"title":1361,"authors":1362,"journal":1363,"year":1148,"summary":1364,"doi":1365,"url":1366,"number":83},"Circumcision for HIV prevention: failure to fully account for behavioral risk compensation","Kalichman S, Eaton L, Pinkerton S","PLoS Medicine","Argument that the HIV-prevention benefit attributed to circumcision may be offset by risk compensation — men believing themselves protected and reducing condom use.","10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.0040138","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.0040138",{"category":1356,"title":1368,"authors":1369,"journal":1370,"year":1148,"summary":1371,"doi":1372,"url":1373,"number":83},"Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials","Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al.","JAMA","Large cohort showing UTI in boys is uncommon and manageable, contextualising the small absolute UTI-risk reduction sometimes used to justify circumcision.","10.1001\u002Fjama.298.2.179","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjama.298.2.179",{"category":1356,"title":1375,"authors":1376,"journal":1377,"year":1378,"summary":1379,"doi":1380,"url":1381,"number":83},"Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection","To T, Agha M, Dick PT, Feldman W","The Lancet",1998,"Cohort study quantifying the UTI-risk difference, frequently cited to show ~111 circumcisions would be needed to prevent a single UTI.","10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(98)02392-7","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(98)02392-7",{"category":1383,"title":1384,"authors":83,"journal":1385,"year":83,"summary":1386,"doi":83,"url":1387,"number":83},"Intact care & hygiene","Care of the Uncircumcised Penis in Infants and Children","American Academy of Family Physicians (American Family Physician)","Clinical review: the foreskin separates from the glans naturally over years; forced retraction risks adhesions, scarring, and pain.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aafp.org\u002Fpubs\u002Fafp\u002Fissues\u002F2018\u002F0915\u002Fp385.html",{"category":1389,"title":1390,"authors":1125,"journal":1391,"year":1127,"summary":1392,"doi":1393,"url":1394,"number":83},"Pain & Trauma","Post-traumatic stress disorder among Filipino boys subjected to ritual or medical circumcision","Annals of Medicine and Surgery","Retrospective cohort of 1,577 Filipino boys finding meaningful rates of PTSD symptoms following both ritual (\"tuli\") and medical circumcision.","10.1016\u002Fj.amsu.2019.04.007","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.amsu.2019.04.007",{"category":1389,"title":1396,"authors":1397,"journal":1398,"year":1204,"summary":1399,"doi":1400,"url":1401,"number":83},"fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain","Goksan S, Hartley C, Emery F, et al.","eLife","Brain imaging showing infants experience pain in much the same neural regions as adults, refuting the assumption that newborns do not meaningfully feel surgical pain.","10.7554\u002FeLife.06356","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7554\u002FeLife.06356",{"category":1389,"title":1403,"authors":1404,"journal":1405,"year":1406,"summary":1407,"doi":1408,"url":1409,"number":83},"Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae","Boyle GJ, Goldman R, Svoboda JS, Fernandez E","Journal of Health Psychology",2002,"Review linking neonatal circumcision pain to behavioural changes, disrupted breastfeeding and bonding, and possible long-term psychosexual effects.","10.1177\u002F1359105302007003228","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F1359105302007003228",{"category":1389,"title":1411,"authors":1412,"journal":1370,"year":1413,"summary":1414,"doi":1415,"url":1416,"number":83},"Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision","Lander J, Brady-Fryer B, Metcalfe JB, et al.",1997,"Randomised trial halted early on ethical grounds when unanaesthetised infants showed such severe distress that continuing the no-anaesthesia arm was deemed unacceptable.","10.1001\u002Fjama.1997.03550240048035","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjama.1997.03550240048035",{"category":1389,"title":1418,"authors":1419,"journal":1377,"year":1413,"summary":1420,"doi":1421,"url":1422,"number":83},"Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination","Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G","Research showing circumcised infants display stronger pain responses to vaccination months later, suggesting lasting physiological changes.","10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(96)10316-0","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(96)10316-0",{"category":1424,"title":1425,"authors":1426,"journal":1427,"year":1204,"summary":1428,"doi":1429,"url":1430,"number":83},"Psychological","Ritual circumcision and risk of autism spectrum disorder in 0- to 9-year-old boys","Frisch M, Simonsen J","Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","National Danish cohort reporting a statistical association between ritual circumcision and later ASD diagnosis; the authors stress it is an association requiring cautious interpretation, not proof of causation.","10.1177\u002F0141076814565942","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F0141076814565942",{"category":1424,"title":1432,"authors":1433,"journal":1434,"year":1141,"summary":1435,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Alexithymia and circumcision trauma: a preliminary investigation","Bollinger D, Van Howe RS","International Journal of Men's Health","Survey finding circumcised men scored higher on alexithymia (difficulty identifying and describing emotions), a marker associated with early trauma.",{"category":1424,"title":1437,"authors":1438,"journal":1439,"year":1413,"summary":1440,"doi":83,"url":83,"number":83},"Circumcision: the hidden trauma","Goldman R","Vanguard Publications","Examination of psychological effects of circumcision, including research on trauma responses and long-term psychological impacts.",{"category":1442,"title":1443,"authors":1444,"journal":1445,"year":1134,"summary":1446,"doi":1447,"url":1448,"number":83},"Sexual Function","Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction? A systematic review","Morris BJ, Krieger JN","Journal of Sexual Medicine","The most-cited pro-circumcision review, concluding the highest-quality studies show no adverse sexual effect. Included as the labelled opposing view (matching this library's standing approach to Morris & Krieger): the lead author is a documented circumcision advocate, and critics argue it is not a true meta-analysis and relies on non-peer-reviewed letters. Treat as one contested view, not the final word.","10.1111\u002Fjsm.12293","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjsm.12293",{"category":1442,"title":1450,"authors":1451,"journal":1452,"year":1134,"summary":1453,"doi":1454,"url":1455,"number":83},"Effects of circumcision on male sexual functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","Tian Y, Liu W, Wang JZ, et al.","Asian Journal of Andrology","Opposing-view meta-analysis (10 studies, 18,740 men) finding no significant difference in premature ejaculation, ejaculation latency, or orgasm difficulty — concluding circumcision is unlikely to harm sexual function, while conceding low evidence quality and high heterogeneity. The more neutral counterpoint to Sorrells\u002FBronselaer\u002FFrisch; included so the contested picture is shown honestly, not cherry-picked.","10.1038\u002Faja.2013.47","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Faja.2013.47",{"category":1442,"title":1131,"authors":1457,"journal":1226,"year":1134,"summary":1458,"doi":1459,"url":1460,"number":83},"Bronselaer GA, Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, et al.","Large Belgian study finding circumcised men report decreased sexual pleasure and more difficulty achieving orgasm.","10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2012.11761.x","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2012.11761.x",{"category":1442,"title":1138,"authors":1139,"journal":1462,"year":1141,"summary":1463,"doi":1464,"url":1465,"number":83},"International Journal of Epidemiology","National Danish survey associating circumcision with more frequent orgasm difficulties in men and a higher rate of unfulfilled sexual needs and pain in their female partners.","10.1093\u002Fije\u002Fdyr104","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fije\u002Fdyr104",{"category":1442,"title":1467,"authors":1468,"journal":1226,"year":1148,"summary":1469,"doi":1470,"url":1471,"number":83},"The effect of male circumcision on sexuality","Kim D, Pang MG","Study of men circumcised as adults showing significant decrease in masturbatory pleasure and sexual enjoyment post-circumcision.","10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2006.06646.x","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2006.06646.x",{"category":1442,"title":1473,"authors":1474,"journal":1475,"year":1155,"summary":1476,"doi":1477,"url":1478,"number":83},"Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health","Richters J, Smith AMA, de Visser RO, et al.","International Journal of STD & AIDS","Large national Australian survey examining circumcision prevalence and its associations with sexual difficulties across the population.","10.1258\u002F095646206778145695","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1258\u002F095646206778145695",{"category":1442,"title":1480,"authors":1481,"journal":1482,"year":1161,"summary":1483,"doi":1484,"url":1485,"number":83},"Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: are we informing men correctly?","Masood S, Patel HRH, Himpson RC, et al.","Urologia Internationalis","Study of men circumcised as adults: roughly half reported worse penile sensation and overall satisfaction afterward, raising informed-consent concerns.","10.1159\u002F000085930","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1159\u002F000085930",[1116,1006,1275,1286,1311,1356,1383,1389,1424,1442],"2026-07-08T02:06:21.212Z",{"featured":1489},{"id":1490,"title":1039,"slug":1491,"excerpt":1492,"heroImage":83,"author":1493,"tags":1494,"readMinutes":375,"featured":85,"publishedAt":1498,"createdAt":1499},"29fb977f-30e4-4ba8-a239-d704ea7553d5","pleasure-sensation-and-the-evidence-gap","A comprehensive review of the anatomical, functional, and psychosocial dimensions of the foreskin — and why routine removal remains unsupported by medical evidence.","AntiCirc Research Team",[1495,1496,1497],"Evidence","Anatomy","Sexual function","2026-06-16T00:16:43.304Z","2026-06-16T00:16:43.326Z",{"totalCountries":13,"countriesByStatus":1501,"totalSources":8,"gradedSourceCount":11,"sourcesByType":1502,"sourcesByEvidenceLevel":1509,"totalClaims":12,"claimsByType":1513,"claimsByConfidence":1516,"topGaps":1519},{"BREADTH_ONLY":375,"PARTIAL":15,"DEEP_BUILT":14,"NEEDS_REVIEW":164},{"PEER_REVIEWED":1503,"NEWS_REPORT":16,"COURT_DOCUMENT":47,"GOVERNMENT_DATA":1504,"EDITORIAL_ANALYSIS":527,"MEDICAL_GUIDELINE":35,"INTERNATIONAL_ORG":1505,"NGO_REPORT":1506,"HISTORICAL_SOURCE":1507,"LEGAL_SOURCE":155,"OTHER":1508,"ACADEMIC_BOOK":498,"DATASET":375,"TESTIMONY":375},575,136,212,39,83,139,{"MODERATE":1510,"HIGH":1511,"LOW":1512,"CONTEXT_ONLY":52},511,752,156,{"PREVALENCE":358,"MEDICAL_POLICY":547,"INCIDENT_SUMMARY":334,"COMPLICATION":35,"HIV_CONTEXT":1514,"ETHICS":147,"CHILD_RIGHTS":22,"OTHER":399,"CULTURAL_PRACTICE":224,"AGE_PATTERN":6,"LEGAL_STATUS":930,"HISTORICAL_CONTEXT":6,"RELIGIOUS_PRACTICE":1515},101,29,{"MODERATE":15,"HIGH":1517,"LOW":1518,"DISPUTED":22},365,19,{"missingCuratedLegal":1520,"missingWriteup":1523,"missingCountrySources":1525,"highPrevalenceBreadthOnly":1527},{"count":375,"sample":1521},[1522],"KM",{"count":375,"sample":1524},[1522],{"count":375,"sample":1526},[1522],{"count":164,"sample":1528},[],1783476378781]